Chapter 11

Impure semen, cow's flesh, or the food of an outcaste (caṇḍāla चण्डाल)—if this is eaten by a Brāhmaṇa, he should perform the Kṛcchra (कृच्छ्र) and Cāndrāyaṇa (चान्द्रायण) penances. (II,1, p. 364) // Par_11.1 //

Likewise, a Kṣatriya or a Vaiśya should perform half a Cāndrāyaṇa (चान्द्रायण). If a Śūdra eats such food, he should perform the Prājāpatya (प्राजापत्य) penance. (II,1, p. 374) // Par_11.2 //

A Śūdra should drink pañcagavya (पञ्चगव्य); a dvija (द्विज) should drink Brahmakūrca (ब्रह्मकूर्च, a specific form of pañcagavya ritual). One, two, three, or four cows should be given as a gift, in order, by the Brāhmaṇa and the other classes. // Par_11.3 //

The food of a Śūdra, food from a house in sūtaka (सूतक), the food of one whose food is forbidden, food that is suspect or prohibited, and food that is leftover from a previous meal— (II,1, p. 375) // Par_11.4 //

if this is eaten by a Brāhmaṇa, out of ignorance or in a time of distress, upon realizing it he should perform the purifying Kṛcchra (कृच्छ्र) and Brahmakūrca (ब्रह्मकूर्च) penances. // Par_11.5 //

When food has been defiled by the leftovers of children, a weasel, or a cat, it is purified by being sprinkled with water containing sesame and Darbha grass; there is no doubt in this. (II,1, p. 390) // Par_11.6 //

When Brāhmaṇas are seated in a single row for a meal, if even one of them gives up his plate, the remaining food should not be eaten. (II,1, p. 398) // Par_11.7 //

He who, out of delusion, eats in that row from the leftovers, that Brāhmaṇa should perform a prāyaścitta (प्रायश्चित्त), namely the Sāṃtapana Kṛcchra (सांतपन कृच्छ्र). // Par_11.8 //

Colostrum, white garlic, eggplant, carrots, onion, tree-sap, offerings to deities, and mushrooms— (II,1, p. 399) // Par_11.9 //

if a dvija (द्विज) unknowingly consumes the milk of a camel or a ewe, he is purified by a three-night fast and by consuming pañcagavya (पञ्चगव्य). // Par_11.10 //

Having eaten a frog or the flesh of a mouse, a Brāhmaṇa, upon realizing it, is purified in a day and a night by subsisting on barley gruel (yāvaka). (II,1, p. 405) // Par_11.11 //

A Kṣatriya and a Vaiśya who perform their duties and observe pure vows—in their houses, food may be eaten by dvijas (द्विज) always, in rites for the gods and ancestors. (II,1, p. 410) // Par_11.12 //

Clarified butter, oil, and milk, and food cooked with fat—having gone to a riverbank, a Brāhmaṇa may eat this food from a Śūdra. (II,1, p. 411) // Par_11.13 //

A Śūdra who is ever addicted to liquor and meat and engaged in low deeds—a Brāhmaṇa should avoid him from afar, like a dog-eater (śvapāka श्वपाक). (II,1, p. 416) // Par_11.14 //

Those Śūdras who are devoted to the service of dvijas (द्विज), who have renounced liquor and meat, and who are always engaged in their own duties—a dvija (द्विज) should not abandon them. // Par_11.15 //

If Brāhmaṇas unknowingly eat during a period of impurity from birth (sūtaka सूतक) or death (mṛtaka मृतक), what is the prāyaścitta (प्रायश्चित्त) prescribed for them, for each varṇa (वर्ण)? (II,1, p. 417) // Par_11.16 //

Purification from the sūtaka (सूतक) of a Śūdra is by eight thousand recitations of the Gāyatrī; from that of a Vaiśya, by five thousand; from that of a Kṣatriya, by three thousand. // Par_11.17 //

If one eats at a Brāhmaṇa's house during sūtaka (सूतक), one should have two thousand recitations performed. Alternatively, one is purified by a single recitation of the Vāmadevya Sāman. // Par_11.18 //

Dry food, products of the cow, and fatty substances, when brought from a Śūdra's house and cooked in a Brāhmaṇa's house, may be eaten; so has Manu declared. (II,1, p. 427) // Par_11.19 //

If, in times of distress, a Brāhmaṇa has eaten in a Śūdra's house, he is purified by mental anguish or by reciting the Drupadā mantra one hundred times. // Par_11.20 //

A servant, a barber, a cowherd, a family friend, and a sharecropper—these are the Śūdras from whom food may be eaten, as well as one who offers himself in service. (II,1, p. 429) // Par_11.21 //

One born of a Śūdra girl by a Brāhmaṇa and consecrated by him becomes a servant (dāsa) by that consecration; without consecration, he is a barber (nāpita). // Par_11.22 //

The son born of a Śūdra girl by a Kṣatriya is to be known as a cowherd (gopāla); food from him may be eaten by Brāhmaṇas, there is no doubt. // Par_11.23 //

One born of a Vaiśya girl by a Brāhmaṇa and consecrated by him is to be known as a sharecropper (ārdhika); food from him may be eaten by Brāhmaṇas, there is no doubt. // Par_11.24 //

Water, curd, clarified butter, or milk from a vessel containing forbidden food—if one consumes this unintentionally, what should the prāyaścitta (प्रायश्चित्त) be? (II,1, p. 432) // Par_11.25 //

Whether a Brāhmaṇa, Kṣatriya, Vaiśya, or Śūdra partakes of it, the expiation for the sacrificially eligible classes is the Brahmakūrca (ब्रह्मकूर्च) and a fast. // Par_11.26 //

For Śūdras, there should be no fast; a Śūdra is purified by charity. The Brahmakūrca (ब्रह्मकूर्च) performed for a day and a night purifies even a dog-eater (śvapāka श्वपाक). // Par_11.27 //

Cow's urine, cow dung, milk, curd, clarified butter, and water with Kuśa grass—this is specified as pañcagavya (पञ्चगव्य), holy and purifying from sin. (II,1, p. 433) // Par_11.28 //

The cow's urine should be from a black cow, the cow dung from a white one, the milk is taken from a copper-colored one, and the curd from a red one. // Par_11.29 //

The clarified butter should be taken from a tawny cow, or all the products may be from a tawny cow. One should give one pala of urine, and half a thumb's measure of cow dung. (II,1, p. 434) // Par_11.30 //

Seven palas of milk should be given, three palas of curd are stated. One pala of clarified butter should be given, and one pala of water with Kuśa grass. // Par_11.31 //

He should take the cow's urine with (the mantra) Gāyatrī, the cow dung with gandhadvāram, the milk with āpyāyasva, and the curd with dadhikrāvṇaḥ. (II,1, p. 435) // Par_11.32 //

The clarified butter with tejo 'si śukram, and the water with Kuśa grass with devasya tvā. The pañcagavya (पञ्चगव्य), purified by these verses, should be placed near a fire. // Par_11.33 //

He should stir it with āpohiṣṭhā and consecrate it with mānastoke. The Darbha grasses, which should be at least seven, with unbroken tips and smooth blades, (II,1, p. 436) // Par_11.34 //

with these he should take up the pañcagavya (पञ्चगव्य) and offer it as an oblation according to the rule. With the mantras irāvatī, idaṃ viṣṇuḥ, mānastoke, and śaṃvatī, (II,1, p. 437) // Par_11.35 //

with these he should make the oblation, and the dvija (द्विज) should drink the remainder of the offering. Having stirred it with the Praṇava (Oṃ), and having churned it with the Praṇava, (II,1, p. 438) // Par_11.36 //

having taken it up with the Praṇava, he should also drink it with the Praṇava. Whatever sin, rooted in the bones, resides in the body of living beings, // Par_11.37 //

the Brahmakūrca (ब्रह्मकूर्च) burns it all away, just as a blazing fire burns fuel. It is holy in the three worlds and presided over by the deities. (II,1, p. 439) // Par_11.38 //

Varuṇa is in the cow's urine, and in the cow dung is the Fire-god (Havyavāhana). Vāyu is declared to be in the curd, Soma in the milk, and the Sun in the clarified butter. // Par_11.39 //

Water that has fallen into the vessel from the mouth of the one drinking—one should know that to be undrinkable; having drunk it, one should perform the Cāndrāyaṇa (चान्द्रायण) penance. (II,1, p. 440) // Par_11.40 //

If a dvija (द्विज) drinks impure water from a well, having seen a dog, jackal, or monkey fall into it, or bone, skin, and so on, // Par_11.41 //

or a human corpse, a crow, excrement, a pig, a donkey, a camel, a gayal, an elephant, a peacock, or a rhinoceros, // Par_11.42 //

or if a tiger, bear, or lion sinks into a well, or if water from a polluted pond has been drunk, (II,1, p. 441) // Par_11.43 //

the prāyaścitta (प्रायश्चित्त) for the person, for all these cases, shall be in this sequence: a Brāhmaṇa is purified by a three-night fast, a Kṣatriya in two days, // Par_11.44 //

a Vaiśya in one day, and a Śūdra is purified by eating only at night. Having eaten the food of a parapākanivṛtta (परपाकनिवृत्त, one who has ceased from eating food cooked by others), a parapākarata (परपाकरत, one who subsists on food cooked by others), (II,1, p. 446) // Par_11.45 //

and of an apaca (अपच, a householder who neglects the five great sacrifices), a dvija (द्विज) should perform the Cāndrāyaṇa (चान्द्रायण) penance. What is the fruit of a gift from an apaca (अपच) for the giver? // Par_11.46 //

The giver and the receiver—both of them go to hell. He who, having established the sacred fire, does not perform the five great sacrifices (pañcayajña), (II,1, p. 447) // Par_11.47 //

is described by the sages as a parapākanivṛtta (परपाकनिवृत्त). He who, having performed the five great sacrifices himself, lives on food from others, // Par_11.48 //

rising every morning to do so, he is a parapākarata (परपाकरत). The Brāhmaṇa who, though a householder, gives up the duties of a householder, // Par_11.49 //

is described by the sages who know the truth of dharma (धर्म) as an apaca (अपच). The dharmas of each yuga (युग), and the dvijas (द्विज) in each of them— (II,1, p. 451) // Par_11.50 //

one should not censure them, for those dvijas (द्विज) are the very embodiment of their yuga (युग). Having said 'huṃ' to a Brāhmaṇa, or 'tvaṃ' (thou) to a superior, // Par_11.51 //

one should bathe and stand for the rest of the day, and then appease him by respectful salutation. Having struck him even with a blade of grass, or having bound his neck with a cloth, // Par_11.52 //

or having defeated him in a dispute, one should appease him by prostrating oneself. For threatening him, a fast for a day and a night; for striking him to the ground, a three-night fast. (II,1, p. 455) // Par_11.53 //

An Atikṛcchra (अतिकृच्छ्र) for drawing blood; a Kṛcchra (कृच्छ्र) for internal bleeding. For nine days one should be an Atikṛcchra (अतिकृच्छ्र) performer, eating only a handful of food. (II,1, p. 459) // Par_11.54 //

One who fasts for three nights is said to be performing an Atikṛcchra (अतिकृच्छ्र). When a mixture of all sins has occurred, (II,1, p. 460) // Par_11.55 //

the Gāyatrī, repeated ten thousand times, is the supreme purification. // Par_11.56 //